pathogens
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The routes of infection with the pathogens found in faeces are illustrated in figure 2. The arrows indicate the routes of pathogen transmissions, whereas the crossing bars represent barriers to prevent the spread of pathogens. The physical barriers can be applied to intercept the routes of transmission. An effective primary barrier can prevent pathogens spreading. However, secondary barrier like personal hygiene and Food hygiene must be sufficiently implemented to prevent spreading diseases. Before the pathogens gain access to the Environment, there are many primary prevention facilities, which can effectively block their pathway. Routes of pathogens transmission from faeces to human (Adopted from Franceys et al., 1992 and modified) Survival time (d) of pathogens in day by different disposal/treatment conditions (adapted from Esrey et al., 1998 )
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