Hygiene is the science of preventing and protecting the health of people through control of the Environment i.e. our physical surroundings: air, water; and land, biological ecosystems: animals and plants, and social structures. Environment influences the health of human beings. Normally, humans can react physically, socially and mentally on changed environmental influences, in order to adapt oneself and herewith avoiding damages. But, there are also many environmental influences, which can overcome human’s adaptation and defence capacity and cause diseases. There are two types of diseases: infectious and non-infectious. An infectious disease is one which can be transmitted from one person to another or, sometimes, to or from animals. All Infectious diseases are usually caused by pathogenic organisms. pathogens that are solely responsible for the transmission of diseases are mostly bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths and a disease is transmitted by the passing of these organisms from one person’s body to another. The health problems related to environmental pollution are considered to be the result of contamination of water, food, and air with toxic chemicals. The resulting diseases are non-infectious.

Human excreta are the principal vehicle for transmission and spread of a wide range of

Infectious diseases. Therefore, wastewater has to be treated before discharging it to the Environment in order to prevent and control the spread of diseases. The conventional approach of wastewater treatment has contributed to ensuring public health in industrial countries. However, due to the lack of financing for expensive conventional centralised sanitation system most of the wastewater is discharged without any treatment mostly in developing countries. This contributes largely about 1.2 billion people without access to clean drinking water. Almost 80 % of diseases throughout the world are water-related. Water-borne diseases account for more than 4 million infant and child deaths per year in developing countries. In ecological sanitation, human excreta is separated and treated at or near the source which avoids spreading of pathogens in the Environment. The separated human excreta, which are easily biodegradable, can be treated biologically. When the organic matters decompose, due to self heating capacity heat is produced. This self produced heat will create self-hygienization of the organic matter. The mostly applied methods for the sanitisation of separated faecal waste are composting and dehydration.

In practice, complete elimination of pathogens may not be possible in any kind of sanitation. Therefore, secondary barrier such as personal, food and domestic hygiene must be included to destroy the pathogens completely. Hygiene awareness and proper education are the crucial points for faecal waste management. Additionally, guidelines and recommendations for the handling and reuse of wastewater can work as a tool to minimise risks.