Excreta-related infections
Diseases which are faecal-orally transmitted usually enter the Environment by the excretion of faeces from infected persons.
Category
infection
Patho-genic
agent
Dominant transmission
mechanisms
Major control measures (engineering
measures in italics)
Faecal-oral
(non-bacterial)
Non-latent,
low infectious dose
Poliomyelitis
Hepatitis A
Rotavirus diarrhoea
Amoebic dysentery
Giardiasis
Balantidiasis
Enterobiasis
Hymenolepiasis
V
P
H
Person to person contact
Domestic contamination
Domestic water supply
Improved housing
Provision of toilets
Health education
(bacterial)
medium or high
infectious dose,
moderately persistent
and able to multiply
Diarrhoeas and
dysenteries
Campylobacter enteritis
Cholera
E. col i diarrhoea
Salmonellosis
Shigellosis
Yersiniosis
Enteric fevers
Typhoid
Paratyphoid
B
Water contamination
Crop contamination
Excreta treatment prior to re-use or discharge
Soil-transmitted
helminths
Latent and persistent
with no intermediate
host
Ascariasis
Trichuriasis
Hookworm
Strongyloidiasis
Yard contamination
Ground contamination in
communal defacation area
Provision of toilets with clean floors
Excreta treatment prior to land application
Beef and pork
tapeworms
with cow or pig
intermediate host
Taeniasis
Field contamination
Fodder contamination
Cooking and meat inspection
Water-based helminths
with aquatic
intermediate host(s)
Schistosomiasis
Clonorchiasis
Diphyllobothriasis
Fasciolopsiasis
Paragonimiasis
Excreta treatment prior to discharge
Control of animals harbouring infection
Cooking
Excreta-related insect
vectors
Filariasis (transmitted by Culex
pipiens mosquitoes)
Infections in Categories I-V.especially I and II, which may be transmitted by flies and cockroaches
M
Insects breed in various faecally
contaminated sites
Identification and elimination of potential breeding sites
Use of mosquito netting
Table 3: Classification of excreta-related infections
B: Bacterium V: Virus H: Helminth P: Protozoon M: Miscellaneous
Those of the excreta related disease, which are also water-related, can be controlled by improvements in water supply and hygiene. But these and the other excreta-related diseases can also be affected by improvements in excreta management. If we classify these excreta-related diseases by their routes of transmission in and through the Environment, it becomes clearer that intervention measure might be most effective in controlling or preventing the disease. Table 3 shows the classification of excreta-related infections
Infectious diseases (3/6)
Infectious diseases (3/6)