Guidelines and recommendations for the handling and reuse of wastewater can work as a tool to minimise risks. Currently,it is recommended that the sanitised faecal matter is covered after application and not used as fertiliser to vegetables, fruits or root crops that are consumed raw, excluding fruit trees. At household level, urine can be used directly, but in a large-scale system it should be stored for a month at 20°C prior to apply in agriculture. For vegetables, fruits or root crops that are consumed raw, a withholding period of one moth should be additionally applied i.e. one month should pass between fertilisation and harvest (see for details in Schönning and Stenström, 2004). Definite guidelines in ecological sanitationfor safe handling and reuse of urine and faeces are required to minimise health risk. There are already existing guidelines for reuse of wastewater and faecal sludge in agriculture. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has developed guidelines for wastewater reuse in agriculture. Faecal coliforms and intestinal nematode eggs are used as pathogen indicators. For restricted irrigation, WHO recommends the treated wastewater should contain no more than one human intestinal nematode egg per litre. For unrestricted irrigation, WHO recommends the same helminth egg value, and additionally no more than 1000 faecal coliform bacteria per 100 ml of treated wastewater. Similar principles were applied to the derivation of guidelines for the use of excreta in agriculture. It is essential that the treated sludge contains no more than one helminth egg per kilogram and no more than 1000 faecal coliforms per 100 g. In USA, EPA guidelines for bio-solids are classified as class “A� (pathogens below detectable level) or class “B� (pathogens detectable, but do not pose a threat to public health). In Germany bio-waste Ordinance (Ordinance on the Utilisation of Bio-wastes on Land used for Agricultural, Silvicultural and Horticultural Purposes) requires that endproduct must be free of Salmonellae. Council of the European Communities Directive No. 86/278/EEC has not included guidelines for microbial hygienic risk for reuse of sludge, but only for heavy metals concentrations in soil, in sludge and maximum annual quantities of heavy metals that can be introduced into the soil. However, in ecological sanitation heavy metals are not a big concern, since human excreta contain approximately the same amount of heavy metals as food. Therefore, there is no risk of heavy metal accumulation in soil due to these fertilisers. The issue of pharmaceutical residue in excreta has to be addressed here, indeed.