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Terms
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Acetogenesis
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The short chain-fatty acids, other than acetate, that are produced in the Acidogenesis step are further converted to acetate, hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide by the acetogenic bact...
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Acidogenesis
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During the Acidogenesis, the Hydrolysis products which are relatively small, soluble compounds are diffused inside the bacterial cells through the cell membrane and then are either...
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activated sludge process
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The activated sludge process uses microorganisms to feed on organic contaminants in wastewater, producing a purified effluent. The basic principle behind all activated sludge proce...
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Adsorbable organic halides
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Adsorbable organic halides (AOX) is an organic sum parameter comprising such organics that contain chlorine, bromine or iodine (not fluorine!) atoms and are adsorbable to activated...
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Alkalinity
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Alkalinity is the capacity of water to neutralise acids. It results from the presence of hydroxides, carbonates, and bicarbonates of elements such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, po...
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anaerobic
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A process without solute oxygen. The fermentation process in which organic material is degraded and biogas (composed of mainly methane and carbon dioxide) is produced, is referred ...
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anaerobic degradation
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The anaerobic degradation pathway of organic matter is a multi step process of series and parallel reactions. This process of organic matter degradation proceeds in four successive...
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Anaerobic digestion
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Anaerobic fermentation is an oxidation process, in which organic compounds, such as e.g. livestock manure and toilet waste, are converted by microbiological processes in absence of...
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anaerobic process
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The fermentation process in which organic material is degraded and biogas (composed of mainly methane and carbon dioxide) is produced, is referred to as anaerobic digestion. Anaero...
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AOX
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Adsorbable organic halides (AOX) is an organic sum parameter comprising such organics that contain chlorine, bromine or iodine (not fluorine!) atoms and are adsorbable to activated...
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Biochemical Oxygen Demand
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Biochemical Oxygen Demand is a sum parameter and the amount of oxygen required to oxidise organic matter present in the water biochemically. So BOD is an indirect measure of the co...
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Biological treatment
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Biological treatment methods are required to remove organic contamination. The mostly used methods are constructed wetlands, Sequence Bach Reactors, membrane bioreactors and biolog...
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black water
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human faeces (brown water) mixed with urine (yellow water), in general: wastewater from toilets. It contains human waste and can be a public health risk if not treated properly.
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BOD
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Biochemical Oxygen Demand is a sum parameter and the amount of oxygen required to oxidise organic matter present in the water biochemically. So BOD is an indirect measure of the co...
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brown water
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human faeces with flushed water (can include paper if used)
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Chemical Oxygen Demand
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The equivalent amount of oxygen required to oxidise organic matter present in a water sample by means of a strong chemical oxidising agent is called chemical oxygen demand (COD). C...
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Chemical Parameters
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Important chemical parameters are: Alkalinity, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Chlorides, Nitr...
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Chlorides
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Domestic wastewater is a rich source of chlorides, because human excreta, mainly urine, is rich in chloride. It does not present a major pollution threat. But, Chloride ion concent...
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cisterns
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The principal idea of cisterns or storage tanks is the collection of rainwater for storage and use as drinking water for domestic needs, animal watering or irrigation. A cistern is...
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COD
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The equivalent amount of oxygen required to oxidise organic matter present in a water sample by means of a strong chemical oxidising agent is called chemical oxygen demand (COD). C...
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Colour
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By colour the quality of water can be judged. Pure water is colourless. In wastewater treatment, colour is not necessarily a problem, but instead is a indicator of the condition of...
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Composting
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Composting is the biological decomposition of the organic matter under controlled aerobic conditions. The basic composting process is shown in figure 10. The main factors affecting...
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Constructed wetlands
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Constructed wetlands are artificial wastewater treatment systems consisting of shallow ponds or channels which have been planted with aquatic plants and which rely upon natural mic...
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Conveyance
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Conveyance is the moving of surface runoff from one place to another where it is eventually discharged to streams, lakes or bays. The facilities for conveyances are pipes and chann...
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Dehydration
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Dehydration means to remove water. Therefore, unlike composting, dehydration is the controlled physical process of dewatering moist materials. Dehydration is effective if faecal ma...
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design storm
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Rainfall usually varies significantly with respect to time and geographical location. A rainfall event is characterised by the duration and the intensity or total quantity of rainw...
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Detention
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Detention aims at slowing down the rate of flow of surface runoff. The basic facility is a basin or storage reservoir with an outlet that temporarily stores storm runoff. Storage r...
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Dissolve solids
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Dissolve solids (DS) or filterable solids can be determined by subtracting SS from TS. The solids passing through the filter consist of colloidal and dissolved solids.
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Dissolved Oxygen
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Dissolved oxygen is the amount of molecular oxygen dissolved in water. It is required for the respiration of aerobic microorganisms. However, oxygen is only slightly soluble in wat...
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domestic hygiene
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working and residing place should be hygienic.
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domestic wastewater
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The wastewater that is produced due to human activities in households is called Domestic Wastewater i.e. wastewater from the kitchen, bathroom, toilet and laundry. Such water usual...
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DS
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Dissolve solids (DS) or filterable solids can be determined by subtracting SS from TS. The solids passing through the filter consist of colloidal and dissolved solids.
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Environment
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Environment is our surroundings described as physical surroundings (air, water and land), biological surroundings (animals and plants), and social surroundings.
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Environmental hygiene
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Environmental hygiene: it deals with the methods of defence from harmfulness (heat, cold, weather, rays, poison or pathogens) that originate from land, air and water.
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Fermentation
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Anaerobic fermentation is an oxidation process, in which organic compounds, such as e.g. livestock manure and toilet waste, are converted by microbiological processes in absence of...
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Fixed solids
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Fixed solids (FS) are the amount of solid that does not volatilise at 550 °C. This measure is used to gauge the amount of mineral matter in wastewater. It is the difference be...
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Fixed suspended solids
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Fixed suspended solids (FSS) are the solid that are unburnable at 550 °C and is determined by subtracting VSS from SS.
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Food hygiene
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it protects us not only from insufficient, unsuitable, rotten or poisoned food, but also changes our deficient dietary habit. Kitchen hygiene also belongs to Food hygiene.
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FS
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Fixed solids (FS) are the amount of solid that does not volatilise at 550 °C. This measure is used to gauge the amount of mineral matter in wastewater. It is the difference be...
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FSS
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Fixed suspended solids (FSS) are the solid that are unburnable at 550 °C and is determined by subtracting VSS from SS.
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Gases
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Gases commonly found in untreated wastewater include nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), and methane (CH4). The first three are...
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Grease
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Oils, fats, waxes and fatty acids are the major constituents included in this category in domestic wastewater. The presence of a significant amount of oil and grease in wastewater ...
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grey water
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water used in the kitchen, bathroom including sinks, baths, showers and laundry, etc. or any water that has been used at home, except water from toilets
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grit removal
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The goal of grit removal is to separate gravel and sand and other mineral materials down to a diameter between 0.2 and 0.1 mm. Grit chambers are provided to (a) protect downstream ...
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harvesting
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Water harvesting is the direct capturing and use of runoff on-site. This can mean maintaining the water level in permanent ponds and wetlands or supplying water for irrigation and ...
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Health
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Health is defined in the WHO (World Health Organization) constitution of 1948 as: a state of complete physical, social and mental well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
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High rate systems
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One of the major successes in the development of anaerobic wastewater treatment was the introduction of high-rate reactors in which biomass retention and liquid retention are uncou...
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human health
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Normally, humans can react physically, socially and mentally on changed environmental influences, in order to adapt themselves and thus avoiding damages. But, there are also many e...
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Hydrolysis
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Since bacteria are unable to take up particulate organic matter, the first step in anaerobic degradation consists of the Hydrolysis of polymers through the action of exo-enzymes to...
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Hygiene
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Hygiene is the science of preventing and protecting the health of people through control of the environment.
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indirect local taxes
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Local governments may impose indirect taxes to generate revenue directly for the financing of wastewater systems. For example, authorities may recover sewerage investments through surcharges on proper
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Individual hygiene
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Individual hygiene: it comprises of body cleaning and its clothing. Always keep your hands clean: after using the toilet, before cooking, before meals and after contact with raw or...
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infection
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transmission and control strategy (Carincross and Feachem, 1993):
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Infectious diseases
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An infectious disease is one, which can be transmitted from one person to another or, sometimes, to or from animals. All infectious diseases are usually caused by microbes. Most mi...
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Infiltration
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Infiltration of rainwater: Infiltration is the soaking of rainwater into the ground via infiltration basins. Infiltration restores natural hydrologic processes and addresses in add...
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Kjeldahl
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In the Kjeldahl method, the amino nitrogen of many organic nitrogen compounds is transformed to (NH4)2SO4 in the presence of H2SO4, K2SO4, and HgSO4 (this acts as a catalyst for th...
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Lagoons
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Suspended growth lagoons are shallow earthen basins varying in depth from 1 to 6m. The aerated lagoons depth ranges usually between 1.8 and 6m, mixing and aeration is provided thro...
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Methanogenesis
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During the fourth and last stage of anaerobic degradation of organic matter, a group of methanogenic bacteria both reduce the carbon dioxide by hydrogen and decarboxylate acetate t...
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Nitrogen
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Nitrogen compounds with environmental relevance frequently analyzed in wastewater are ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and Kjeldahl nitrogen. Ammonia discharged to surface water can be n...
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Non-infectious Diseases
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The health problems related to environmental pollution are considered to be the result of contamination of water, food, and air with toxic chemicals. The resulting diseases are non...
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Odour
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In wastewater, odours are of major concern, especially to those who reside in close proximity to a wastewater treatment plant. These odours are generated by gases produced by decom...
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Oil
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Oils, fats, waxes and fatty acids are the major constituents included in this category in domestic wastewater. The presence of a significant amount of oil and grease in wastewater ...
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pathogens
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The routes of infection with the pathogens found in faeces are illustrated in figure 2. The arrows indicate the routes of pathogen transmissions, whereas the crossing bars represen...
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pH
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The negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration is called pH ( pH= - log10 [H+]). The hydrogen-ion concentration is an important quality parameter of both natural water and wastewater. The pH of wa
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Phosphorus
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Phosphorus is essential to the growth of algae and other biological organisms. The amount of phosphorus compounds present in wastewater discharge has to be controlled in order to a...
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physical parameters
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Important physical parameters are: Solids, Turbidity, Colour, Temperature and Odour.
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pollution charges
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In many countries charges are imposed for discharge of treated and untreated wastewater into the Environment. These charges are mostly levied upon discharge of effluents from treatment plants and indu
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Primary treatment
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Primary treatment in a WWTP is the reduce oils, grease, fats, sand, grit, and coarse (settle able) solids. This step is done entirely with machinery.
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Rotating Biological Contactor
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The Rotating Biological Contactor Process (RBC) consists of a series of discs attached to a common shaft. The discs are partially submerged in a trough of continuously flowing wast...
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Rottebehaelter
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Rottebehaelter as a component of decentral systems has been increasingly used in Austria, Germany and Switzerland for domestic wastewater pre-treatment. Since its application is un...
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SBR
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The sequencing batch reactor (SBR) is a fill-and draw activated sludge system for wastewater treatment. In this system, wastewater is added to a single “batch” reacto...
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Screening
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Screening is a primary treatment in a wastewater treatment process. Screenings are the material retained on bar racks and screens. The smaller the screen opening, the greater will ...
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Secondary treatment
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Secondary treatment in a WWTP is designed to substantially degrade the solved content of the sewage within a biological degradation system, such as activated sludge systems. These...
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sedimentation
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The main goal of sedimentation is to remove readily settleable solids and floating materials (not removed in the upstream treatment phases) thus reducing the suspended solids conte...
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sequencing batch reactor
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The sequencing batch reactor (SBR) is a fill-and draw activated sludge system for wastewater treatment. In this system, wastewater is added to a single “batch” reacto...
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Settable solids
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Settable solids are those solids that will settle to the bottom of an Imhoff cone (a cone-shaped container) in one hour and determined by allowing a wastewater sample to stand for ...
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Sewage sludge
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Sewage sludge is separated from the treatment process by sedimentation or flotation. In many cases there is a primary sedimentation (primary sludge) and secondary sedimentation (se...
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Sludge stabilisation
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Sewage sludge is stabilised to reduce pathogens, to eliminate offensive odours and to inhibit, reduce or eliminate the potential for putrefaction. The success in achieving these ob...
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Social hygiene
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Social hygiene: it avoids damages of the social Environment of the human being. In practice social and Environmental hygiene are inseparable.
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Solids
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Other than gases, all contaminants of water contribute to the solids content. Solids typically include inorganic matter such as silt, sand, gravel, and clay, and organic matter suc...
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Sorting toilet
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Sorting toilet is a suitable technology to separate the urine and faeces at source
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SS
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Suspended solids (SS) are the solids retaining in a filter and is usually determined by filtration using glass fibre filters. In all analytical procedures for determination of susp...
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Storage
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Water storage facilities allow the later use of runoff water as supplemental irrigation water. They can partly overcome the problem of the unreliability of rainfall. This also allo...
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Sulphur
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The sulphate ion occurs naturally in most water supplies and is present in wastewater as well. Sulphate is reduced biologically under anaerobic conditions to sulphide, which in tur...
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Suspended solids
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Suspended solids (SS) are the solids retaining in a filter and is usually determined by filtration using glass fibre filters. In all analytical procedures for determination of susp...
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Temperature
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Temperature is very important parameter because of its effect on chemical reactions on reaction rates, aquatic life, and the solubility of essential gases such as oxygen in water.T...
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Tertiary treatment
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Tertiary treatment or advanced treatment in a WWTP is yet not applied widely. It provides a final stage to raise the effluent quality to the standard required before it is dischar...
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TOC
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Another means for measuring the organic matter present in water is the TOC test, which is especially applicable to small concentrations of organic matter. Wastewater content of car...
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toilet systems
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Overview of toilet systems for source control sanitation (Otterpohl 1999 - www.gdrc.org/uem/waste/oldenburg.html)
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Total Organic Carbon
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Another means for measuring the organic matter present in water is the TOC test, which is especially applicable to small concentrations of organic matter. Wastewater content of car...
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Total solids
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Total solids (TS) in wastewater is the amount of all solids, which are determined by drying a known volume of the sample in a preweighed crucible dish at 105 °C. After cooling...
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trickling filter
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A trickling filter (TF) is a wastewater treatment system that biodegrades organic matter and can also be used to achieve nitrification. The wastewater trickles through a circular b...
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TS
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Total solids (TS) in wastewater is the amount of all solids, which are determined by drying a known volume of the sample in a preweighed crucible dish at 105 °C. After cooling...
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Turbidity
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Clarity of water is usually measured by its turbidity. Turbidity is a measure of the extent to which light is either absorbed or scattered by suspended material in water, but it is...
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UASB
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The UASB reactor is the most widely and successfully used high rate anaerobic technology for treating several types of wastewater. The success of the UASB reactor can be attributed...
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Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor
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The UASB reactor is the most widely and successfully used high rate anaerobic technology for treating several types of wastewater. The success of the UASB reactor can be attributed...
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Vacuum toilets
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Vacuum toilets has been used in aeroplanes and ships for many years and is increasingly used in trains and flats for water saving. They produce little diluted black water which is ...
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Vermicomposting
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Vermicomposting is the process in which organic materials are converted into humus using earthworms that break down the organic materials. Earthworms are voracious feeders on organ...
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Volatile solids
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Volatile solids (VS) are the amount of solid that volatilises when heated at 550 °C. This is a useful estimation for organic matter present in wastewater and is determined by ...
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Volatile suspended solids
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Volatile suspended solids (VSS) are, as indicated in figure 3, one portion of SS which are defined as that part of SS which can be removed by heating the solids at 550°C in a ...
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VS
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Volatile solids (VS) are the amount of solid that volatilises when heated at 550 °C. This is a useful estimation for organic matter present in wastewater and is determined by ...
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VSS
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Volatile suspended solids (VSS) are, as indicated in figure 3, one portion of SS which are defined as that part of SS which can be removed by heating the solids at 550°C in a ...
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wastewater
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Wastewater is the term for discarded or previously used water from a municipality or industry.
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Wastewater treatment plant
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Wastewater treatment or sewage treatment is the process that removes the majority of the contaminants from waste-water or sewage and produces both a liquid effluent suitable for di...
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WWTP
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Wastewater treatment or sewage treatment is the process that removes the majority of the contaminants from waste-water or sewage and produces both a liquid effluent suitable for di...
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yellow water
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human urine
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